They bulge, they slip, they rupture. But scientists continue searching for novel ways of diagnosing and treating diseased spinal and cervical discs that can cause debilitating pain, lower quality of life, and affect as many as 20 of every 1,000 adults in the United States, says renowned endoscopic spinal surgeon Dr. Kaixuan Liu.
Dr. Liu refers to at least two recent studies, one, in a 2021 issue of Nature Communications, suggesting a cocktail of drugs that remove age-associated cells and prevent disc deterioration, and a 2022 article, published in Biomaterials, proposing use of our own renewing cells for rejuvenating discs.
Aging is a prime culprit in disc disease, says Dr. Liu, founder of Atlantic Spine Center in New Jersey and New York. “The aging process dries out spinal and cervical discs. It makes them brittle and sometimes forces them out of their normal positions in the spinal column, causing them to protrude (bulge), slip, and rupture.”
But aging is not the only villain. “Back injuries; undue spinal stress from heavy lifting, sports, and various repetitive activities; years of poor posture; genetics; and, of course, obesity – too much weight in the abdomen pulling on the spine – are all causative factors for disc disease,” Dr. Liu says.
Indeed, some experts even blame evolution -- from four-footed to bipedal movement -- on the human tendency to break spinal discs. In a presentation at an annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a scientist from Case Western University noted that just normal walking – moving a foot and leg forward while swinging the opposite arm – results in a twisting of the spine, and this twisting, after millions of steps, eventually causes wear and tear and an eventual breakdown of the intervertebral discs.
Dr. Liu describes discs as “rubbery, elliptical pads” located between vertebrae in the neck and back. They serve as natural “shock absorbers,” protecting the spine and cervix from stressors and giving it flexibility. Each disc consists of a tough outer shell – the annulus fibrosus, which surrounds a soft, gel-like center – nucleus pulposus. A disc may “slip” if the tissue connection between disc and spinal bone is torn. Rupture occurs when the tough outer membrane of cartilage cracks, and a portion of the disc’s inner core material leaks out.
Although often asymptomatic, slipped and herniated discs can compress spinal nerves, cause nerve and tissue inflammation, and lead to development of multiple complications, such as spinal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal); spondylolisthesis (resulting in lower back pain); and sciatica. With sciatica, a patient may experience intense pain radiating down a leg or arm; the pain follows the pathway of the nerve irritated by the deteriorated disc. The sciatica patient also may complain of numbness, burning and tingling, and muscle spasms and weakness. In extreme cases, the herniation may impact a patient’s bladder and bowel control.
“The spine is a complex system of nerves, muscles, cartilage, ligaments, and bone, so pinpointing the source of a patient’s neck or back pain is not always a straightforward process. But disc herniation is frequently the underlying cause of the discomfort,” notes Dr. Liu, who combines current imaging technology – CT, MRI, and myelogram – with careful neurological examination to determine the source of a person’s pain.
Meanwhile, researchers are seeking more advanced imaging methods and analyses to pinpoint disc disease even earlier in its course. Authors of a study appearing in a 2022 issue of European Radiology indicate “the diagnostic sensitivity of MRI for cervical ruptured disc is [currently] very low (about 35-45 percent)” when health professionals use only “the standardized definition of lumbar disc nomenclature.” However, these same scientists evaluated “two novel [preoperative] MRI signs,” which, they suggest offer “a more accurate diagnosis…of ruptured disc in the cervical spine.”
Many disc tears and herniations will clear up on their own without treatment, but Dr. Liu advises conservative measures first for patients who do develop painful symptoms. “These measures can include prescribed or over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, and light aerobic exercises like swimming, yoga, and walking.”
Some patients may require second-line therapies, including pulsed radiofrequency or injections of epidural corticosteroids, which temporarily block pain signals coming from irritated nerves and limit the body’s natural release of inflammatory biochemicals, Dr. Liu says.
He adds that surgery, like discectomy, endoscopic microdiscectomy, or laser disc decompression, becomes an option only when all non-surgical approaches have failed, and the patient continues struggling after six weeks to eight weeks of conservative care.
The optimal approach, of course, is to protect the overall health of the spinal column. Dr. Liu offers these prevention tips:
- Maintain a height- and age-appropriate weight. Obesity exaggerates the natural curvature of the spine by forcing the pelvis to tilt too far forward and taxes spinal joints.
- Keep fit. Exercise regularly, especially engaging in activities that strengthen back and abdominal muscles. Strong core (trunk) muscles provide important support to the spine.
- Practice good posture when standing or sitting and limit the amount of time spent sitting.
- Use proper lifting techniques for heavy objects and follow recommendations for minimizing back and neck stress and twisting when snow shoveling, gardening, working in tight spaces, or performing other strenuous, repetitive activities.
- Eat nutritiously and stop smoking.
“Most importantly, if you are experiencing serious back pain that is not clearing up on its own, contact an orthopedic spine specialist. Significant treatment delays could lead to nerve damage or other complications,” Dr. Liu warns.
Kaixuan Liu, MD, PhD
Endoscopic Spine Surgery
Dr. Kaixuan Liu was born in the countryside of Hubei Province in China. Dr. Liu’s dream of becoming a doctor came true after he earned his medical degree in Hubei Medical College, now the Medical College of Wuhan University in China in 1985. After successfully completing and excelling in medical school Dr. Liu was selected as a clinical graduate for Cardiothoracic Surgery at Beijing Medical University, the most prestigious medical school in China. Dr. Liu continued his clinical training in thoracic surgery in China Japan Friendship Hospital affiliated with Peking Union Medical College from 1989 to 1990.
Dr. Liu wished to pursue a career in the US. In 1990 he earned an opportunity as a visiting researcher at the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, studying on molecular targeting therapy of lung cancer, through an award from the International Union against Cancer. Dr. Liu continued his academic career in Auburn University as a graduate student from 1991 to 1997 and earned a degree of M.S. and PhD. in Molecular Medicine. He did extensive research on immunology, gene therapy.
Dr. Liu decided to practice medicine in the US. From 1997 to 2000 he pursued his clinical training in anesthesia and surgery at Columbia University. Due to his passion for invasive pain medicine, from 2005 to 2006 Dr. Liu pursued an advanced fellowship training in Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery at the Advanced Orthopedics of South Florida, under the direction of his mentor Merrill Reuter MD, PhD. Through the fellowship training, Dr. Liu gained exceptional skills and experiences in endoscopic spine surgery.
Through his fellowship training, Dr. Liu was convinced that endoscopic spine surgery will be the future of spinal surgery. He believed that eighty percent of current spinal surgery can be done endoscopically soon, given that due to the minimal surgical trauma it offered better outcomes. Given the lack of awareness of endoscopic spine surgery at the time, Dr. Liu was determined to have a career pioneering and popularizing endoscopic spine surgery. Dr. Liu founded Atlantic Spine Center and Advanced Spine & Outpatient Surgery Center in New Jersey to be a center of excellence for endoscopic spine surgery in the US. Since 2006, Dr. Liu has performed a few thousand endoscopic spine surgeries for patients with cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine conditions.
Dr. Liu’s devotion to high-quality patient care and deep involvement in technological advancement has propelled Atlantic Spine Center to the list of top centers for endoscopic spine surgery in America. Dr. Liu is passionate about training in endoscopic spine surgery and promoting the practice of endoscopic spine surgery worldwide. Dr. Liu has trained hundreds of specialists in pain management, orthopedic spine surgery, and neurological spine surgery to perform endoscopic spine surgery worldwide. Proudly to mention, Dr. Liu guided the first interlaminar endoscopic discectomy and cervical endoscopic discectomy in China.
Beyond his clinical practice, Dr. Liu is devoted to high quality clinical research and innovation in endoscopic spine surgery. He has frequently presented his work of endoscopic spine surgery in national and international meetings. Dr. Liu has extensively published his skills and experiences of endoscopic spine surgery in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine in peer reviewed journals.
Dr. Liu is the founding member and a board member of the International Society of Endoscopic Spine Surgery (ISESS). In addition to ISESS, Dr. Liu is a member of North American Spine Society, Spinal Foundations in England, International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery, and a number of other professional societies.
Academics
Advanced Orthopedics of South Florida
Fellowship, Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery
Auburn University, Alabama
PhD, Biomedical SciencesMaster of Science, Immunology
Beijing Medical University, China
Master of Surgery
Hubei Medical College, China
Medical Doctor
Columbia University - College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
Clinical Training in SurgeryAnesthesia