All known mechanism of short-term neural control and long-term hormonal control of systemic blood pressure, plus local regulation of blood flow (autoregulation).

Mechanisms of actions of ACE inhibitors, Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), Beta-blockers, Aldosterone receptor antagonists (ARAs), Digoxin, Ivabradine, Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor, ARNIs (sacubitril/valsartan), Diuretics, Vasodilators. Role of RAAS, sympathetic system and natriuretic peptide system in pathophysiology of Congestive heart failure (CHF) and rational for treatment of HF.

The Heart: Anatomy and Physiology, Electrical Activities of the Heart, Cardiac Conduction System, Membrane Potential/Voltage, Cardiac Action Potentials: in Pacemaker Cells and Contractile Myocytes, Relationship between Action Potential and ECG, or EKG; Cardiac Cycle, Cardiac Output.

ABG vs VBG. How to read ABG results. How to assess acid-base status from ABG results.

Corneal and lenticular astigmatism; regular and irregular astigmatism. Types of contact lenses for astigmatism (toric, rigid, hybrid), and more.

Pathophysiology, symptoms, causes, risk factors, genetics, diagnosis and treatment.

What is cardioversion? How it works? How it’s done? Cardioversion vs Defibrillation, Possible Complications.

Types of TN, symptoms, triggers, causes, diagnosis and treatments.

Infectious and autoimmune encephalitis: causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments.

Cerebral palsy: types (spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic cerebral palsy), symptoms, causes, risk factors, complication, diagnosis and treatment.

Cranial nerve X: anatomy, nerve passage, fiber composition, nuclei in the medulla, functions, effects of damage and evaluation.

The 12 pairs of cranial nerves: origin, termination, cranial exit/entrance, sensory/motor/parasympathetic functions, disorders, symptoms and evaluation.

Meningitis: pathology, causative agents, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments.

Pathophysiology, types of spina bifida, symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment.

Spinal cord injury levels, (SCI), ASIA impairment scale; Anatomy related to spinal cord injuries.

Types of chemical synapse, classes of neurotransmitters, actions of neurotransmitters, signal cessation mechanisms.

NAFLD and NASH: signs and symptoms, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis, prevention and treatment.

Autism spectrum (ASD) is an umbrella term used to describe a range of conditions characterized by difficulties in social interactions and communication, unusual sensitivity (hypersensitivity or hyposensitivity) to sensory inputs, and restricted or repetitive behaviors (stimming).

Pharmacokinetics studies the events that happen to a drug from its administration to the time it is excreted from the body.

ADHD: Symptoms, Criteria for Diagnosis, Causes, Risk factors and Treatments.