What are benign liver (hepatic) tumors? These are tumors that develop in the liver and aren't able to invade neighboring tissue. The three main types are cavernous hemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasias, and hepatic adenomas.

Updates made in the 2024 version: - References the 2022 update of the DSM, Fifth Edition, text revision - Updated guidelines for diagnosis, symptoms, and causes

What are the thyroid and parathyroid glands? The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located anterior and inferior to the larynx. It produces two types of hormones; the iodine-containing hormones tri-iodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and calcitonin. The parathyroid glands are four small ovoid glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland. They are responsible for secreting parathyroid hormone (PTH).

The spinal cord has 31 spinal segments and pairs of spinal nerves: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. The spinal cord and the spinal nerve roots are covered by the spinal meninges, which consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater.

What is the mediastinum? The mediastinum is the area between the two lungs where the heart sits. The mediastinum doesn't just house the heart, but many important structures in the thoracic cavity from the superior thoracic aperture down to the diaphragm.

What are respiratory stimulants? Respiratory stimulants are a group of medications that can be administered to clients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or respiratory depression; as well as to treat apnea of prematurity. These medications primarily work on the brainstem and medulla by stimulating the respiratory center, and can also act on the lungs by causing bronchodilation.

The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, consists of all the nerves and ganglia outside of the central nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the cerebellum, cerebrum, brainstem, and spinal cord.

What are hepatitis A and hepatitis E virus? Hepatitis A and E are two viruses that cause acute hepatitis.

What is Leprosy? Leprosy, also known as Hansen disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium lepromatosis.

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What are the zones of pulmonary blood flow? Pulmonary blood flows through the four zones of the lungs is unequal, and it’s driven by the effects of pressure gradients in blood vessels as well as the pressure within alveoli.

What is Nail-patella syndrome? Nail-patella syndrome, or NPS for short, also known as hereditary onycho-osteodysplasia or Fong disease, is a rare genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the LMX1B gene.

Histologically the cervix is different from the rest of the uterus and also has a mucosa that doesn’t shed during menstruation.

What is Epidermolysis Bullosa? Epidermolysis bullosa is a group of inherited disorders that cause the skin or mucous membranes to become fragile and blister easily.

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What is enterococcus? With Enterococcus, entero- refers to the intestines, while -coccus means round shape. So Enterococcus is a genus of round bacteria that commonly colonizes the gut of humans and animals.

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What is Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome? Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a rare neurological condition that causes degeneration of brain cells, or neuronal atrophy. It is caused by thiamine, or vitamin B1, deficiency.