Diagnostic tools in Hematology are Routine staine and morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, cytogeneteics, molecular biology. Cytochemistry uses special stains that are useful for classifying and differentiating types of leukemias. Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase is useful in differentiating Leukemoid reaction (Increased alkaline phosphatase activity) from Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (decreased activity). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a lysosomal enzyme found in the primary granules of granulocytic cells . SBB is a fat soluble dye that stains intra cellular lipids such as neutral fat, cholesterol, phospholipids.

Tumor immunology is the study of the antigens associated with tumors, the immune response to tumors, the tumor’s effect on the host’s immune status, and the use of the immune system to help eradicate the tumor. Tumors, therefore, are composed of cells that possess many of the attributes of the normal cells from which they arose but have accelerated or dysregulated growth. In this video, we will discuss the difference of benign and malignant tumors, the different types of antigens found in tumors, the Immunity of the body against tumors and the different tumor markers used for Laboratory testing.

The Transcription of the Genetic code is a part of the Central Dogma where DNA is used as a template to synthesize RNA. This video will give an Introduction to the Transcription process. The general steps will be given and explained.

Several differences are seen between the Transcription process of a bacteria to a Eukaryote. This video will give some of the basic differences that should be learned.

Let’s talk about the Coagulation Cascade involved in Secondary Hemostasis. Basically, there are three interrelated pathways of coagulation, each representing a unique series of biochemical reactions. These pathways are the Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and the common pathway. Each pathway is activated by a different mechanism. The activation of the Intrinsic pathway occurs when a blood vessel is injured, exposing the subendothelial basement membrane and collagen. Both surfaces promote coagulation.

DNA Replication is a complex process. To ease up our way into understanding this process, let us discuss its basic definition, its importance, some important DNA concepts to remember, and the DNA Replication Hypothesis.

DNA replication has 3 stages – initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the licensing of origins of replication in order to create two replication forks. Elongation involves the synthesis of nascent DNA as the replication forks progress away from the origins of replication. Finally, termination is the end of DNA replication. We will discuss each stage in this video.

A Platelet count is defined as the number of platelets in 1 Liter (L) or 1 microliter(UL) of whole blood while a Platelet Estimate is a count made using a blood smear that is used for counter checking Platelet counts. This video will give a recap of these 2 procedures that are important in Hematology.

Manual cell counts are performed using a hemocytometer, or counting chamber, and manual dilutions are made with calibrated, automated pipettes and diluents (commercially available or laboratory prepared). The principle for the performance of cell counts is essentially the same for white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), and platelets; only the dilution, diluting fluid, and area counted vary. A diluted specimen is loaded onto a hemocytometer and the cellular elements are identified and counted microscopically and reported as a number of cells per Liter. Hemacytometer, VCF, DCF, Volume correction Factor, Acceptable Difference, Chamber

Fewer manual differentials are performed today because of the superior accuracy of automated differentials and because of cost and time constraints. When indicated, however, the manual differential always should be performed in a systematic manner. When the correct area has been selected, use of a back-and-forth serpentine, or “battlement,” track pattern is preferred to minimize distribution errors and ensure that each cell is counted only once. One hundred WBCs are counted and classified through the use of pushdown button counters or newer computer interfaced keypads. WBC Differential count, Blood smear, Leukocytes, Relative count, Absolute count.

This is the second part of the Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism disorder. The different Dyslipidemias will be discussed in this video. the discussion is divided into Forward transport Dyslipidemias and Reverse transport Dyslipidemias.

Lipid disorders are a range of conditions that can cause abnormal levels of lipids, or fats, in the blood. These fats include low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), also known as “bad” cholesterol, and fatty acids called triglycerides. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs), known as “good” cholesterol, are also present in the blood. This video will discuss some of the disorders associated with Lipid and Lipoprotein metabolism.

Proteins do everything in the living cells providing many essential functions in the body. Our body needs dietary protein to supply amino acids for the growth and maintenance of our cells and tissues. Insufficient dietary quantities of even one amino acid can quickly limit the synthesis and lower the body levels of many essential proteins. Protein categorized by function are Enzymes, Hormones, Transport proteins, Immunoglobulins, Structural proteins, Storage proteins, Energy source and Osmotic force.

A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that is present in all living organisms. The human body contains thousands of different proteins, and they can be categorized according to their Structure, Properties, and Function. This short video will be about proteins according to their Structure. All Proteins are made up of amino acids. Humans can obtain proteins from plants, animals, and their products like meat, milk, and eggs. Simple proteins contain peptide chains composed of only amino acids and may be globular or fibrous in shape.

This video is a continuation of the Part 1 Review. We will continue with the discussion about the Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic chromosomes, Denaturation, and Nucleases.

Molecular Biology and Diagnostics is the combination of Laboratory Medicine, Genomic knowledge and technology. This video will give a review of the principles surrounding the Central Dogma and the DNA.

There are two general methods to determine the Hematocrit of a patient. These are the Manual and Automated methods. This video will give a brief background about these methods.

Hematrocrit is defined as the volume of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood. It is essential in blood examination for diagnosis.

This video will give the basics about Abnormal hemoglobin. The three types included in this video are Porphyria, Thalassemia, Hemoglobinopathy and Dyshemoglobins.

Hemoglobin is made up of 4 units of polypeptide chains and Heme. The pairing of the different type of polypeptide chains will create different types of Hemoglobin. The Heme portion of a hemoglobin is made up of Ferrous iron and Protoporphyrin IX.